Slide fastener stringer

ABSTRACT

The carrier tape in an otherwise conventional slide fastener stringer having coupling elements formed from a continuous length of a plastic filament is replaced by another length of plastic filament bent into repeating units having each the shape of a meander, a figure-eight, and the like. Each unit has two bend portions and two connecting portions of which one connects the bend portions, and the other one connects the unit to an adjacent unit. The bend portions are arranged in two rows parallel to the row of coupling elements, one or two coupling elements being fastened to an adjacent bend portion by sewing stitches, by adhesive, or by welding. The carrier of plastic filament is more durable than any tape and is readily shaped to hold the coupling elements in an arcuate row of small radius of curvature.

[451 Aug. 27, 1974- 1 1 SLIDE FASTENER STRINGER [76] Inventor: EduardBeitter, Koppenhoferweg 8,

7 Stuttgart 80, Germany 22 Filed: May 15, 1972 21 v App1.No.:253,301

[52] U.S. Cl 24/205.l6 C, 24/205] C, 24/2051 C [51] Int. Cl A441] 119/10[58] Field of Search 24/205.l3 C, 205.1 C.

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3.015.868 1/1962 Ruhrmann24/205.l6 C

3,266,114 8/1966 Gerlach .1 24/205.l6 C 3,600,767 8/1971 Cowdrey24/205.l6 C

FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 15.286 2/1904 Austria 24/205.l3 C273,766 8/1965 Australia 24/205.l6 C

6.804.649 10/1968 Netherlands 24/205.l6 252.123 12/1947 Switzerland24/205131 D Primary ExaminerBemard A. Gelak I Attorney, Agent, orFirmHans Berman 1 ABSIRACT The carrier tape in an otherwise conventionalslide fastener stringer having coupling elements formed 7 from acontinuous length of a plastic filament is replaced by another length ofplastic filament bent into repeating units having each the shape of ameander, a

figure-eight, and the like. Each unit has two bend portions and twoconnecting portions of which one connects the bend portions, and theother one connects the unit to an adjacent unit. The bend portions arearranged in two rows parallel to the row of coupling elements, one ortwo coupling elements being fastened to an adjacent bend portion bysewing stitches, by adhesive, or by welding. The carrier of plasticfilament is more durable than any tape and is readily shaped to hold thecoupling elements in an arcuate row of small radius of curvature.

9 Claims, 25 Drawing Figures PAIENIEB 3; 831 @227 fig. 7

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SLIDE FASTENER STRINGER This invention relates to slide fasteners, andparticu larly to a slide fastener stringer in which the couplingelements are constituted by respective longitudinal portions of aunitary length of filament.

Such coupling elements are conventionally mounted in a row on a carrierof textile material, usually a tape, on which they are secured in theproper spacing, and two stringers consisting of the carrier, thecoupling elements, and means fastening the elements on the carrier maybe locked to each other by passing a slider along the two juxtaposedrows of elements.

The useful life of a slide fastener of the type described is usuallydetermined by the textile carrier. The coupling elements, commonly madeof plastic, particularly nylon, do not show significant wear norpermanent deformation after long use, but the tape fails first, usuallybecause of wear by the slider. It has been attempted to increase theuseful life of carrier tapes by the use of synthetic fibers. Theimprovement achieved has been modest, and the stronger tapes showsignificantly reduced pliability which is essential for smooth runningof the slider.

A stringer assembled at the factory from a textile carrier and plasticcoupling elements of the type described is difficult to install wherethe row of coupling elements needs to be curved, as on a closure flapfor luggage and the like. The carrier must be stretched or shrunk orpleated to assume the desired shape. Providing curva' ture in aconventional slide fastener stringer becomes even more difficult whenthe carrier is a tape reinforced with synthetic fibers.

It is a primary object of this invention to provide a slide fastenerstringer having coupling elements of the continuous-filament type with acarrier which is stronger, yet more flexible than any normal textilematerial so as to increase the useful life of the stringer and of thefastener assembled from such a stringer, and to permit the slidefastener to be arranged in any desired manner, as in curves of smallradius.

With this object and others in view, as will presently become apparent,the invention provides a slide fastener stringer, whose couplingelements consist of a unitary length of a filament, with a carriercomprising a unitary length of another filament constituting a pluralityof repeating units. Each of these units includes a first bend portion. asecond bend portion, a first connecting portion connecting the first andsecond bend portions, and a second connecting portion which connects thefirst bend portion to the second bend portion of another unit, theseveral portions being longitudinally consecutive sections of the otherfialment. The coupling elements are secured to the first bend portions.

Additional features, other objects, and many of the attendant advantagesof this invention will readily become apparent as the same becomesbetter understood by reference to the following detailed description ofFIG. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 3 of a modified stringer;

FIG. 5 shows the stringer of FIG. 4 in section on the.

line V V;

FIG. 6 illustrates yet another stringer of the invention in plan view;

FIGS. 7, 9, 11, and 13 show further modified stringers of the inventionin respective plan views;

FIGS. 8, 10, 12, and 14 illustrate the stringers of FIGS. 7, 9, ll, 13in respective sectional views corresponding to that of FIG. 5;

FIGS. l5, l6, l7, and 19 illustrate further variations of the stringerof the invention in respective plan views;

FIGS. 18 and 20 show the devices of FIGS. 17 and 19 in respectivefront-elevational sections in the manner of FIG. 5;

FIG. 21 illustrates a modification of the stringer of FIG. 20 in acorresponding view;

FIG. 22 is a plan view of yet another stringer of the invention;

FIG. 23 shows a slide fastener of the invention in fragmentaryfront-elevational section; and 0 FIGS. 24 and 25 are respectivefragmentary, perspective views of additional stringers of the invention.

The term slide fastener or simply fastener, as employed in thisspecification, will. be understood to cover a device in. which a row ofinterlocking or coupling elements is mounted on each of two supports orcarriers, and the coupling elements of the two rows may be interlockedor connected by passing a slider along the juxtaposed rows. Two carriershaving interlocked coupling elements mounted thereon will be referred toas a chain, and a single row of coupling elements attached to a commoncarrier or support will be understood by the term stringer, twostringers, when connected, constituting a chain, andthe chain becoming afastener when equipped with a slider.

FIG. I shows two coupled stringers or a chain, each stringer consistingof a carrier 1, coupling elements 2, and stitches of sewing thread 3which fasten each coupling element 2 to the associated carrier 1.

The coupling elements 2 are of the conventional folded-meander type. Therow of coupling elements of each stringer is made of a single length ofplastic wire, such as nylon, which is first bent into a meander shapesimilar to that of the carrier 1, the meander than being folded, and thebends formed during the folding operation being flattened or otherwisedeformed to constitute locking heads. Machinery is commerciallyavailable for converting straight wire of thermoplastic resincomposition into rows of coupling elements of the folded-meander type.It is conventional to sew such elements to a carrier tape or othertextile material-in the manner indicated by the stitches 3 inFIG. l.

The chain illustrated in FIG. 1 differs from conventional fastenerchains by the carrier 1 to which the coupling elements 2 are sewn. Eachcarrier 1 consists of-a length of plastic wire bent into a flat meandershape characteristic of an intermediate product obtained in themanufacture of the afore-described couplingelements 2. The pitch of themeander is equal to the pitch of the folded meander constituting therows of coupling elements 2, and each straight wire section of a carrier1 between two bight portions extends in a common plane with a legportion of an associated coupling element.

As is better seen by joint consideration of FIGS. 1 and 2, a first bendor bight portion of the carrier 1 is received between the two pairs ofleg portions of two consecutive coupling elements 2. The bend or bightportion of the carrier and the connecting portion of the two associatedcoupling elements remote from the coupling heads enclose an openingthrough which a sewing stitch passes, thereby preventing separation ofthe carrier 1 from the coupling elements 2.

FIG. 2 additionally shows a slider 4 conventionally enveloping theinterlocked coupling elements 2 of the two stringers and equipped with apull or tab 5 by means of which the slider may be moved longitudinallyalong the rows of elements 2 for engaging or disengaging the couplingelements. As is evident from FIG. 2, the rails of the slider travel overthe plastic wire of the carrier which is strong enough and may beselflubricating to resist wear by the moving slider over a period oftime much longer than the expected life of the best available slidefastener tape.

The carriers 1 may be made of the same wire as the coupling elements 2and have sufficient rigidity to maintain the proper spacing of thecoupling element 2. The chain of FIG. 1 or the corresponding fastener ofFIG. 2 when sewn to a garment by stitches passing over the second bendor bight portions of the carriers 1 remote from the rows of couplingelements 2 will function smoothly. It is also possible to bend the chainin the plain of FIG. 1 and to sew the arcuately bent carriers l torespective concavely and convexly curved edges of two pieces of sheetmaterial that it is desired to connect by means of the fastener.

A fastener of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 runs more smoothly and hasa longer life when used for closing a flap on soft luggage or on similarcontainers in which the slide fastener extends along at least threesides of a rectangle and the slider must move around the corners. Inconventional fasteners employed for the same purpose, the carrier tapeof the concavely arcuate stringer must be stretched, and the carriertape of the convexly arcuate stringer must be pleated or shrunk toachieve the desired configuration. Stretching, shrinking, and pleatingfurther shorten the useful life of the fabric tape. The carriers I ofthe invention are unaffected by the distortion required for negotiatingthe right angle bends at the corners of the flap on a piece of luggageor the like.

The carrier I seen in FIG. I consists of repeating units which jointlyform the meander shape. Each repeating unit has a first bend or bightportion 20, a second bend or bight portion 21, a first connectingportion 22 which connects the bend portions 20, 27, and a secondconnecting portion 23 which connects the bend portion to the second bendportion of another repeating unit. only partly seen in FIG. I. Theconnecting portions 22, 23 are straight and spacedly parallel to eachother and to the corresponding connecting portions of other repeatingunits in the illustrated position of'the chain. The several portions ofall units are located in a common plane parallel to the plane of FIG.

ment are located. The first bends 20 extend in a common planeperpendicular to the plane of FIG. I with the row of coupling elements2.

As will presently be shown, many of the cited relationships of theseveral portions of each repeating unit to each other and to theassociated coupling elements 2 may be modified without departing fromthe spirit of the invention. Only a few modifications of the basicconcept of this invention will be described hereinbelow with referenceto FIGS. 3 to 25.

The stringer illustrated in FIG. 3 differs from that seen in FIGS. 1 and2 by a different configuration of the carrier 6. Instead of having ameander shape, the wire constituting the carrier 6 has the shape of aflattened helix. The two straight, connecting wire portions connected bya bight which are associated with each pair of coupling elements in themanner described with reference to FIG. 1, terminate in respective bendsremote from the coupling elements 2 which overlap and intersect eachother. Other things being equal, the carrier 6 ever more stronglyresists operating stresses which could cause misalignment of theassociated coupling elements 2 than the carrier I seen in FIG. I, andits resistance is further increased by welding or heat-sealing theoverlapping bends to each other at the points of intersection in amanner not visible in FIG. 3.

The coupling elements discussed so far are of the folded-meander type,but the carriers of the invention are equally useful when supportingrows of coupling elements made from a single length of wire anddifferently shaped. FIG. 4 illustrates coupling elements 7 which are ofthe conventional, helical type. In order to keep the several portions ofthe carrier 6a substantially in a common plane, the first bend or bightportions.

cannot be inserted between the leg parts of the coupling elements 7, andthe coupling elements 7 are thus superimposed in their entirety on thebight portions of the carrier 6a and fastened by welds or heat seals 6,also representative of the welds mentioned above with reference to FIG.3.

The stringer illustrated in FIG. 6 has coupling elements 2 of thefolded-meander type sewn to a carrier consisting of plastic wire bentinto a pattern of connected figure-eight loops substantially in a commonplane. The repeating units of the carrier consist each of a straightlength of wire 8, two loops 9, 10 at the respective ends of the straightlength 8 and overlapping or intersecting the same, and straight lengthscommon to respective adjacent repeating units and extending from theloops 9, l0. Welds or heat seals at the overlaps may further stiffen thecarrier of FIG. 6 if so desired, as is shown in FIG. 5.

Greater rigidity in the carrier of FIGS. 1 and 2 may be achieved simplyby placing one or more straight plastic wires 11 at right angles overthe straight wire sections of the carrier I as is shown in FIGS. 7 and8, and by connecting the straight wires 11 with'the meander elements bya suitable number of heat seals or welds II.

The rigidity of the carrier of the invention is further affected by thenature of a substrate to which it may be fastened, and by the manner inwhich the carrier is fastened to the substrate. FIGS. 9 and 10 show oneof the stringers of FIGS. 1 and 2 sewn by stitches of a thread 12 to asheet 12a of relatively stiff plastic. It would not be possible similaryto modify the flexibility of a fastener whose coupling elements aremounted on a tape of textile material.

As is seen in FIGS. l1, l2, sheet material may be affixed to the carrierto stiffen the same regardless of a supporting substrate. The stringershown in FIGS. 11 and 12 is identical with the stringers constitutingthe chain or fastener of FIGS. 1 and 2, but a strip 13 of plastic sheetmaterial about half as wide as the carrier 1 is secured to the straight,connecting portions of the repeating units in the carrier 1 by adhesiveor by spot welding. The arrangement shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 permits avery precise adjustment of the carrier flexibility by varying the width,thickness, and material composition of the strip 13.

Stitches of sewing threads connect the carriers and rows of couplingelements in the stringers of FIGS. 3 and 7 to 12 in the same manner asin FIGS. 1, 2, or 6, but have been omitted for the sake of simplicity,and will be understood to be present in an analogous way in otherembodiments of the invention yet to be described. Alternatively, thecarriers may be welded or adhesively secured to the coupling elements inthe manner shown in FIG. 5.

The carrier 1 and the row of coupling elements 2, which are shown inFIGS. 13 and 14 are identical with the corresponding elements seen inFIGS. l and 2, but are connected by loops of thread 14 in such a mannerthat the bight portions of the meander units near the .coupling elementsand the bight portions of the coupling elements near the carrier extendin a common plane perpendicular to the planes of FIGS. 13 and 14, thatis, a plane which is longitudinal relative to the row of couplingelements 2 and perpendicular to the plane in which the carrier 1extends.

The carrier 15 shown in FIG. 15 in its cooperation with couplingelements 2 of the folded-meander type differs from the carrier I by anexpansion of each bight portion in the basic meander shape so thatadjacent bight portions touch each other, and the straight wire lengthsbetween the bight portions are obliquely inclined relative to thelongitudinal direction of the row of coupling elements. As is evidentfrom the preceding description of other elements. the carrier of FIG. 15may be stiffened greatly by welding, heat'sealing, or adhesivelyfastening contiguously juxtaposed bight portions to each other.

The carrier 15a seen in FIG. 16 is intermediate in configuration betweenthe carriers 1 and IS in that the bight portions of the meander shaperemote from the coupling elements are expanded so as to touch eachother. whereas the bight portions near the coupling elements have awidth equal to the spacing of two consecutive coupling elements 2 as inthe carrier 1.

A modification of the stringer described with reference to FIG. 11 isshown in FIG. 17. The basic structure of the stringer consists ofcoupling elements 2 of the folded-meander type and of a meander-shapedcarrier 1 connected by stitches 3 of sewing thread (not shown).

The carrier is additionally stiffened by a strip 13a of plastic sheetmaterial elongated longitudinally of the row of coupling elements 2 andalternatingly passing over and under pairs of longitudinally consecutivestraight wire sections of the carrier 1. Depending on the desiredstiffening effect, the strip 13a may be heatwelded to some, all, or noneof the straight wire sections.

If the carrier is to be sewn to a substrate in the manner shown in FIGS.9 and 10, and if the stringer must not move on the substrate laterallyof the row of coupling elements, it may be advantageous to provide thestraight wire sections of the carrier 1a with notches 16 formed by meansof a hot stamping tool which causes the material displaced from thenotch to project laterally as seen in FIG. 19. In the attached stringer,two rows of sewing stitches are placed respectively in the two rows ofnotches 16 formed in the carrier.

As was shown in FIG. 5, the plane in which the carrier substantiallyextends may be offset from the longitudinal median plane of the row ofassociated coupling elements by welding or otherwise adhering thecarrier to an outer leg face of each coupling element. The same resultcan be achieved with coupling elements of the folded-meander type in themanner illustrated in FIG. 21. Only the bight portions of the carrier 1bwhich are received between the leg parts of the coupling elements arelocated in the median plane of the row of elements, the remainder beingoffset so that the coupling elements are entirely located on one side ofthe plane defined by the major portion of the carrier lb.

The stringer seen in FIG. 22 differs from that described above withreference to FIGS. 1 and 2 by bight portions 17 in the carrier 1c remotefrom the coupling elements 2 which are offset longitudinally of thecoupling element row from the associated straight wire sections of thecarrier 16. The bight portions 17 thus form almost closed loops forsecurely receiving stitches of sewing thread that may fasten thestringer to a supporting substrate.

While it is preferred under most conditions that each carrier in thestringer of the invention extend substantially in a plane. unusualapplications may require a different arrangement. In the fastener ofFIG. 23, rows of coupling elements 2 opened and closed by a slider 4 areattached to respective carriers 1d which are of the me ander type seenin FIG. I at 1, but are bent at right angles along a line 18 parallel tothe length of the row of coupling elements. A fastener of the type shownin FIG. 23 is suitable in an obvious manner for use in a slim wallet orbriefcase.

A three'dimensional interlock with the coupling elements of a stringermay be achieved with a carrier 1e shown in FIGS. 24 and 25. It differsfrom the aforedescribed carrier 1 by a rectangular offset of the bightportions in a common plane adjacent the associated coupling elements.These elements are of the foldedmeander type 2 in FIG. 24 and of thehelical type in FIG. 25. The length of each offset 'part in the meanderof the carrier la is approximately equal to the height of the associatedcoupling member as measured across the leg parts of a coupling member,and the coupling elements 2, 7 are simply assembled. with the carriers1e by pushing every other coupling element in the row through an upsetbight portion of the carrier 11:. The coupling elements and carriers maybe further secured to each other by sewing threads in the manner shownin FIGS. 1 or 13, or they may be welded or adhesively fastened to eachother.

The coupling elements employed. in the stringers and slide fasteners ofthe invention are of known types, and their production will be obviousto those skilled in the art. The carriers 1 are intermediate products inthe manufacture of the folded-meander type fastenersand may be made onthe same equipment. The same equipment may produce the modified meandershapes of FIGS. 24 and 25. Commercial wire-bending machines modified toinclude heaters for the thermoplastic wires employed can produce theplastic wire shapes in the carriers seen in FIGS. 3, 4, 6, l5, l6 and22, and suitable equipment is readily improvised. Commercial sewingmachines produce stitches of the types seen in FIGS. 1, 2, 6 and impliedin other Figures, though not shown.

The apparatus employed for looping sewing threads 14 about the couplingelements 2 and the carrier 1 essentially consists of a cylindrical ringjournaled in external bearings and provided with an internal threadguide. Thread is drawn from a spool on the ring through the thread guidewhile the latter rotates, and the stringer elements are passed throughthe ring by a mechanism which pulls the assembled stringer out of oneend of the ring, thereby pulling the coupling elements and the carrierseparately into the other end at uniform speed.

While the invention has been described with reference to couplingelements and carriers made of plastic wire of the same size andcomposition, one may employ different wires, both plastic or metallic.Round wires are generally cheapest and have been illustrated throughoutthe several Figures. However, the benefits of this invention areattainable with wires that are of non-circular cross section, and evenwith wires which are not of uniform cross section over their length.

It should be understood, therefore, that the foregoing disclosurerelates only to preferred embodiments of the invention, and that it isintended to cover all changes and modifications of the examples of theinvention herein chosen for the purpose of the disclosure which do notconstitute departures from the spirit and scope of the invention setforth in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. In a slide fastener stringer including a carrier, a row of couplingelements constituted by respective longitudinal portions of a unitarylength of a first filament, and securing means securing said elements tosaid carrier, each coupling element including first and second legportions and a coupling head connecting said leg portions, said couplingheads being spaced from each other in the direction of said row, theimprovement which consists in a. said carrier comprising a unitarylength ofa second filament constituting a plurality of repeating unitsconsecutive in the direction of said row,

1. each repeating unit including a first bend por tion. a second bendportion. a first connecting portion connecting said first and secondbend portions to each other. and a second connecting portion connectingsaid first bend portion to the second bend portion of another unit, saidportions being longitudinally consecutive sections of said secondfilament,

2. the spacing of the first bend portions of each pair of consecutiveunits being at least twice the spacing of said coupling heads in saidrow;

b. said securing means securing two of said coupling elements to each ofsaid first bend portions;

c. said first and second filaments being of approximately equal crosssectional area; and

d. the material of said second filament being of sufficient rigidity tomaintain said spacing of said coupling heads in said direction.

2. In a stringer as set forth in claim 1, said first bend portions andsaid second bend portions extending in respective transversely spacedrows substantially parallel to said row of coupling elements.

3. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, said first bend portions andsaid coupling elements being located in a common plane extending in thedirection of said rows.

4. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, said first and secondconnecting portions of each unit being spacedly parallel.

5. In a stringer as set forth in claim 4, said first and secondconnecting portions of each unit being straight.

6. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, said first and secondconnecting portions of each unit being substantially straight andintersecting each other.

7. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, said first connecting portionof each unit being in contact with a portion of another unit and fixedlyfastened to said other portion.

8. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, a continuous reinforcingmember elongated in the direction of said rows and fastened torespective portions of said units.

9. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, said coupling elements eachhaving a connecting portion connecting said first leg portion to thesecond leg portion of an adjacent coupling member, the two leg portionsof each coupling element passing through a first bend portion of saidcarrier, said head portion of the element being offset from said firstbend portion in one direction, and said connecting portion of saidelement being offset from said first bend portion in a directionopposite to said one direction and intersecting said second filament tolimit movement of said coupling element in said one

1. In a slide fastener stringer including a carrier, a row of couplingelements constituted by respective longitudinal portions of a unitarylength of a first filament, and securing means securing said elements tosaid carrier, each coupling element including first and second legportions and a coupling head connecting said leg portions, said couplingheads being spaced from each other in the direction of said row, theimprovement which consists in a. said carrier comprising a unitarylength of a second filament constituting a plurality of repeating unitsconsecutive in the direction of said row,
 1. each repeating unitincluding a first bend portion, a second bend portion, a firstconnecting portion connecting said first and second bend portions toeach other, and a second connecting portion connecting said first bendportion to the second bend portion of another unit, said portions beinglongitudinally consecutive sections of said second filament,
 2. thespacing of the first bend portions of each pair of consecutive unitsbeing at least twice the spacing of said coupling heads in said row; b.said securing means securing two of said coupling elements to each ofsaid first bend portions; c. said first and second filaments being ofapproximately equal cross sectional area; and d. the material of saidsecond filament being of sufficient rigidity to maintain said spacing ofsaid coupling heads in said direction.
 2. In a stringer as set forth inclaim 1, said first bend portions and said second bend portionsextending in respective transversely spaced rows substantially parallelto said row of coupling elements.
 2. the spacing of the first bendportions of each pair of consecutive units being at least twice thespacing of said coupling heads in said row; b. said securing meanssecuring two of said coupling elements to each of said first bendportions; c. said first and second filaments being of approximatelyequal cross sectional area; and d. the material of said second filamentbeing of sufficient rigidity to maintain said spacing of said couplingheads in said direction.
 3. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, saidfirst bend portions and said coupling elements being located in a commonplane extending in the direction of said rows.
 4. In a stringer as setforth in claim 2, said first and second connecting portions of each unitbeing spacedly parallel.
 5. In a stringer as set forth in claim 4, saidfirst and second connecting portions of each unit being straight.
 6. Ina stringer as set forth in claim 2, said first and second connectingportions of each unit being substantially straight and intersecting eachother.
 7. In a stringer as set forth in claim 2, said first connectingportion of each unit being in contact with a portion of another unit andfixedly fastened to said other portion.
 8. In a stringer as set forth inclaim 2, a continuous reinforcing member elongated in the direction ofsaid rows and fastened to respective portions of said units.
 9. In astringer as set forth in claim 2, said coupling elements each having aconnecting portion connecting said first leg portion to the second legportion of an adjacent coupling member, the two leg portions of eachcoupling element passing through a first bend portion of said carrier,said head portion of the element being offset from said first bendportion in one direction, and said connecting portion of said elementbeing offset from said first bend portion in a direction opposite tosaid one direction and intersecting said second filament to limitmovement of said coupling element in said one direction.